Thursday, August 27, 2015

The Middle Ages - NOT so Dark an Age! (476 to 1400s)

From the Fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th Century (476) to the start of he Renaissance (15th century)
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Wednesday, December 17, 2014

9 Tips for Teaching History

1. Wide, then Narrow: Before jumping into the finer details of history, start by
giving an overview, from beginning to end. Knowing where the story is headed will give kids a better idea where the details fit in.
For example, when I teach Bible history I have the option of hundreds of different stories. If I start at the beginning and work my way through, my students will quickly get lost in the details. Instead, I break the entire Bible into six easy, yet central stories: Creation, Fall, Judgement (Flood), Promise (Abraham), Chosen People (Israelites), Cross (Jesus’ Sacrifice).
I strip these stories down to one or two simple details. I could literally tell each of these six stories in just a few sentences. This makes it easy for students to remember each story, and also to see how the stories fit together. The six stories then serve as bookends, and I simply go back and start filling in the gaps. I tell about Daniel and the Lions Den, and draw it back into the story of the Chosen People; I tell about Cain and Abel and point it to the Flood; I tie the Last Supper into the Story of the Cross. Teaching history this way keeps the stories connected.

2. Only Teach the Essential: If you are a mom who loves crafts, you may struggle with this one, but try to keep your content simple and relevant. If you are having your children dress up like turkeys to study the Pilgrims, you might be off track. The Pilgrims are not historical figures because they ate turkey!

3. Sequence, Not Dates: The order history unfolds is much more important than the actually dates (usually). If your history lessons become little more than the memorization of dates, your kids will learn to hate history. I’m not saying you can’t add dates, but again start with the basic elements of the story and then when your kids have mastered that, go back and sprinkle in the dates.

4. Explain BC and AD Early:
As soon as your kids are old enough to understand the concept, explain the difference between BC and AD. Be careful not to just say that BC is Before Christ and AD is after His death. This confused me as a kid until learning that AD started 30 years prior to Jesus’ death. Also, be sure to point out how BC dates count backward; in other words, 3000 BC comes before 1,000 BC.

5. Don’t be biased: For the most part, the history taught in government schools is full of lies, misrepresentations, and half-truths. When I was in elementary school I lived in Lawrence, Kansas. During the Civil War, Lawrence was burned to the ground by southern Border Ruffians.
The way I was taught it, the citizens of Lawrence were just sitting there singing kumbaya, when all of the suddenly those darn rebels burst into town on a murdering and raping spree. And I couldn’t help but think that all confederates were evil-murdering-rapists. In fact, many years later, I learned about the true “Jayhawkers” and the murderous raids that they ran in Missouri. In a town that loves its Jayhawks, it is no wonder they left that bit out.
It is in our nature to divide the history into a struggle of good versus evil, and paint everything either black or white. If our side commits atrocities they were justified; when the other guys do it, it’s always without cause. It is easy to fall into this type of deception. We often pick a side and then filter history accordingly, teaching only what we want to believe.
In most cases, history is a struggle between evil and evil; when we pretend otherwise, we champion propaganda, not history.

6. Use Real History: Whenever possible forgo the publishing houses’ textbooks, and use real historical words. Read works like The Bible, Herodotus’ Histories, Thucydides’ The History of the Peloponnesian War, Tacitus’ The Annals of Imperial Rome, and Caesar’s The Civil War. These books and others are real histories, and far more interesting than dry schoolhouse textbooks.

7. Not Every Old Story is History: History is an account of the events that dramatically changed the course of human destiny. What some ate, how they dressed, when they went to bed is closer to anthropology, than history. It does not matter how the Pilgrims dressed, what their boat was called, what time they went to bed, what their houses looked like, or what their favorite dessert was; these aren’t the reasons they are historical figures. We remember the Pilgrims, not for what they wore, but what they did, and more importantly, their impact.


8. Geography is the Canvas of History:
 It is hard to understand history without a proper understanding of geography. You will read, “Hitler invaded the Rhineland,” but you won’t know where that was or why it was significant. The point is that geography allows us to visualize the events as they occurred. That is why at Blue Manor we begin teaching geography in kindergarten.

9. Retell the Story: Never quiz your children on history with essays or bubble sheets. History is a story and as such, it is best to have your children retell the story in their own words.

Source: http://www.trueaimeducation.com/how-to-homeschool-history-9-teaching-tips/
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Wednesday, October 29, 2014

Christopher Columbus

An interview about Christopher Columbus and the motivations for his journey.

When the Knights of Columbus was founded 130 years ago, their namesake, Christopher Columbus, was a symbol of the idea that there is no contradiction in being a Catholic and an American.  In recent decades, however, Columbus has become a figure of controversy, leaving conflicting opinions about his legacy.
Carol Delaney, a cultural anthropologist and long-time professor at Stanford University, had little knowledge or interest in Columbus — that is, until she was teaching a course called "Millennial Fever" at Stanford in 1999 and came across a reference to the explorer's apocalyptic beliefs.  Delaney was intrigued and set out to research Columbus at Brown University in the summer of 2003.  Two years later, she retired from Stanford to devote herself to research, which launched a remarkable journey in the footsteps of the explorer.
Columbia spoke to Delaney about the fruits of her research, published in her book titled Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem (Free Press, 2011).

Columbia:  You argue that most people misunderstand the purpose of Columbus' voyage.  According to your research, what were his motivations?
Carol Delaney:  Everybody knows that Columbus was trying to find gold, but they don't know what the gold was for: to fund a crusade to take Jerusalem back from the Muslims before the end of the world.  A lot of people at the time thought that the apocalypse was coming because of all the signs: the plague, famine, earthquakes and so forth.  And it was believed that before the end, Jerusalem had to be back in Christian hands so that Christ could return in judgment.  Columbus actually calculated how many years were left before the end of the world.  He seemed to think of his whole voyage as a mission, which was part of this apocalyptic scenario.

Columbia:  In addition to funding the crusade, did Columbus intend to evangelize the New World?
Carol Delaney:  He was very much interested in evangelizing.  He wrote against the idea that the natives could just be baptized and automatically become Christian.  Rather, they really needed to be instructed about the Christian faith before being converted.  He wrote to the pope requesting that good priests be sent to provide this instruction and even left money in his will for it. Believing he was traveling to Asia, Columbus particularly wanted to convince the Grand Khan of China, who had already expressed interest in Christianity, to convert.  He thought that the Grand Khan could help with the crusade to take Jerusalem by marching from the east, while the Europeans marched from the west — an interesting idea.

Columbia:  Why don't more people recognize and accept your claims about Columbus' intentions?
Carol Delaney:  Scholars have written articles about Columbus' religious motivations, but they were published in very arcane journals. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, historians wrote about Columbus as the first modern man, who used science and reason as an explorer and discoverer.  But I don't think that was his motivation.  He was a medieval man in a very religious context.  He was very close to the Franciscans, who were involved in proselytizing before the end of the world.

Columbia:  The popular view today is that Columbus is responsible for countless
atrocities against the native peoples.  In your opinion, is this a fair assessment?

Carol Delaney:  No, not at all.  The late 20th century brought a lot of critique about him from the perspective of the natives, and Columbus has become a symbol for everything that went wrong.  But the more I read of his own writings and that of his contemporaries, my understanding of him totally changed.  His relations with the natives tended to be benign.  He liked the natives and found them to be very intelligent.  He also described them as "natural Christians" because they had no other "sect," or false faith, and believed that they could easily become Christians if they had instruction.
Columbus strictly told the crew not to do things like murder or rape, and instead to treat the native people with respect.  There are many examples in his writings where he gave instructions to this effect.  Most of the time when injustices occurred, Columbus wasn't even there.  There were terrible diseases that got communicated to the natives, but he can't be blamed for that.
A lot of the crew members didn't like all of the restrictions and rebelled.  In his writings, Columbus notes that the crew assumed that they could have slaves, that they could pick gold off of the trees, and that they didn't have to work.

Columbia:  What was Columbus' view toward slavery?
Carol Delaney:  As far as I can tell, Columbus never had any slaves, nor did he intend to get slaves when he went across the ocean.  There was no possibility of enslaving the Grand Khan and his people.  And [Columbus] believed the natives would become subjects of the Spanish sovereigns.
When they later met a different group of natives, whom they believed to be cannibals, Columbus' brother sent some of these people back to Europe after their second voyage.  It was considered morally acceptable at that time to enslave people who acted against their nature, with the hope that they would become good Christians.  Slavery was common, even among people in the Caribbean.  People ignore that fact and seem to think that Columbus instituted slavery.
Columbus strictly told the crew not to do things like murder or rape, and instead to treat the native people with respect.
Meanwhile, Bartolomé de Las Casas, an admirer of Columbus, is remembered for writing in defense of the Indians.  But unlike Columbus, Las Casas owned slaves and operated encomiendas in the beginning.  He didn't have a change of heart until long after Columbus' death, and even as late as the mid-16th century, he proposed slavery of African blacks as a substitute for the Indians. 

Columbia:  In your research, what did you find most significant about Columbus' own writings?
Carol Delaney:  I read all of Columbus' writings that are extant.  Columbus' original diary does not exist.  Las Casas and Columbus' son, Ferdinand, each had a copy, and a lot of the story coincides in their redactions.  Many of Columbus' writings express respect for the natives and concern about his crew.
Before I began my research, I didn't know Columbus had written anything.  I liked the tone of his letters, and I enjoyed reading them.  His devotion to his sons comes across, and he took care of the women in his life, which really helped change my opinion of him.

Columbia:  In addition to his faith, what were some of Columbus' most notable personal qualities, and what role did they play in his quest?

Carol Delaney:  I think he was very patient.  He waited more than 10 years before his first voyage came about.  He petitioned the Portuguese first, then the Spanish.  The council rejected his proposal three times, yet he continued to persist.  He really believed he could do it.  He showed tremendous courage in going across the ocean in tiny wooden ships, with basically a compass to guide his way.
Also, when the crew was grounded on Jamaica during the fourth voyage, Columbus kept trying to negotiate with the rebels and expressed forgiveness.

Columbia:  To what extent can Columbus' exploration be considered a failure or a success?
Carol Delaney:  I think he went to the grave thinking that he had not accomplished what he wanted to do.  He was angry with King Ferdinand for not pursuing the crusade, and he recognized that terrible crimes had been committed.  From this point of view, he felt the quest was a failure.  In reality, it was a major accomplishment.  Columbus went across the ocean four times in small wooden ships, without the use of modern instruments.  In the process, he discovered the New World, even though he thought that he had found only the periphery of Asia.
dividertop

Acknowledgement

col1.jpg
Alton J. Pelowski. "Why Columbus Sailed." Columbia magazine (June, 2012) This article is reprinted here with permission from the Knights of Columbus, New Haven, Conn.

The Author

Alton J. Pelowski is managing editor of Columbia and a 2006 graduate (M.T.S.) of the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family at The Catholic University of America.
Copyright © 2013 Columbia magazine

http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/history/christopher-columbus.html

Another Columbus source:
http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/history/the-origins-and-traditions-of-columbus-day.html

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Thursday, August 15, 2013

Time Line Collection

Browse the Past and some Futures... a collection of Timelines on the Web
History and Cultures

Science & Technology

Arts & Literature
Top
Popular Culture & Current Events
Top
Science Fiction
Last revised 9/16/04
Comments: George Emery
Sourceback Link: AlternaTime

George Emery's ID Page
George Emery is a librarian at Canisius College and has been collecting timelines on the Internet since 1993.
History & Cultures
Science & Technology
Arts & Literature
Popular Culture
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Home
 
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Wednesday, August 14, 2013

The Electoral College

The Electoral College
Did you know that voters in the United States don't vote for the president? People actually vote for a group of electors when they go to the polls on Election Day. These electors have pledged to support a party's nominee for president. In many states the ballot lists only the names of the nominees and not the names of the electors, so many people believe they are voting for the president.

In 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention decided on this system of indirect election of the president. Long debates took place about how to make sure the best candidate would be chosen as president. Some delegates supported a direct election by citizens. Others favored having Congress choose the president. Still others thought that state legislatures should make the choice.

The delegates finally agreed on a compromise. Electors chosen by each state would elect the president. Ordinary citizens in each state would have a say this way, but the final decision would be made by people who were better informed about the candidates and the issues.

The Electoral College, this system of presidential electors, is still in effect today, although some adjustments have been made over the years. The electors voted for two candidates at first. The one with the highest number of votes became president. The one with the second-highest number became vice president. In 1796, political foes were chosen for the two posts -- Federalist John Adams for president and Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson for vice president.

There was a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr in the next election. The House of Representatives had to decide who would be president. The fact that the system needed to be adjusted was clear. The 12th Amendment to the Constitution was passed in 1804. Candidates are now nominated to run only for president or only for vice president. Electors vote for president and vice president separately.

How the states elect electors has changed, too. Some states held direct popular elections for the electors in the beginning. The state legislatures made the choice in other states. All the states gradually adopted direct popular elections for electors.

There were no political parties when the Constitution was written. They soon developed, and the party organizations in each state began proposing a slate, or list, of electors who were pledged to vote for their party's nominee. Voters no longer choose individual electors. Voters choose between party slates.
Political parties want winner-take-all elections for electors. This means that the slate that receives the most popular votes wins all the state's electoral votes. All the states except Maine use this winner-take-all system today.

http://www.congressforkids.net/Elections_electoralcollege.htm
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Friday, June 8, 2012

Preamble with Words & Original


Hey, do you know about the U.S.A.?
Do you know about the government?
Can you tell me about the Constitution?
Hey, learn about the U.S.A.
In 1787 I'm told
Our founding fathers did agree
To write a list of principles
For keepin' people free.
The U.S.A. was just startin' out.
A whole brand-new country.
And so our people spelled it out
The things that we should be.
And they put those principles down on paper and called it the Constitution, and it's been helping us run our country ever since then. The first part of the Constitution is called the preamble and tells what those founding fathers set out to do.
We the people,
In order to form a more perfect union,
Establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,
Provide for the common defense,
Promote the general welfare and
Secure the blessings of liberty
To ourselves and our posterity
Do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
In 1787 I'm told
Our founding fathers all sat down
And wrote a list of principles
That's known the world around.
The U.S.A. was just starting out
A whole brand-new country.
And so our people spelled it out
They wanted a land of liberty.
And the Preamble goes like this:
We the people,
In order to form a more perfect union,
Establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,
Provide for the common defense,
Promote the general welfare and
Secure the blessings of liberty
To ourselves and our posterity
Do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
For the United States of America...

Note:
The lyrics here have a slightly abridged wording of the Preamble to the United States Constitution. The actual document starts, "We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union..."
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A Promise of Freedom (12 minutes)

Department of Homeland Security U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Produced by the National Constitution Center
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